Organized by functional system and symptom constellations covers all fields of internal medicine plus special treatment of subjects dermatology, neurology and rheumatology typical findings and signs for differentiation of all common, rare and even exotic diseases with pathophysiological background information nearly. A normal liver should feel soft and is easily moveable upon inspiration. Gastroenterology category differential diagnosis of. An important first step in narrowing the differential diagnosis is to determine the presence or absence of complex features in cystic liver lesions. Pdfdateien in einzelne seiten aufteilen, seiten loschen oder drehen, pdfdateien einfach zusammenfugen oder. If the patient does have a fracture, then the diagnosis does not establish the cause. The range of intellectual ability in charge covers the entire spectrum, with potential routinely underestimated. Once the cirrhosis becomes decompensated, and ascites appears, either diagnosis of hepatomegaly and splenomegaly with or without an associated icterus, diagnosis is simple. Most often, the etiology is evident in light of historical and genealogical information and the con current presence of familiar, often pathognomonic, phy sical or laboratory findings e. Common and important causes of hepatomegaly for doctors and medical students this page is currently being written and will be available soon. American medical association, american society of clinical oncology, american society of hematology, american society of pediatric hematologyoncology, childrens oncology group. Splenomegaly general presentation the spleen is a hematopoietic organ supporting the megakaryotic, lymphoid, erythroid, myeloid, and reticuloendothelial systems.
Find all the books, read about the author, and more. The differential diagnostic process considers these entities, works the patient up appropriately and stops with the diagnosis. His rapid strep was positive and he was treated with penicillin. The differential diagnosis of solid liver lesions is broad, but many can be diagnosed noninvasively. What is a presumptive and differential diagnosis for influenza.
Acsase medical student core curriculum intraabdominal. Presented at 4 months, at another hospital, with chief complaints of convulsions gradual distension of abdomen. A major reason is the high comorbidity between ptsd especially the chronic type and other psychiatric diagnoses, which complicates the diagnostic process. Physical examination may be without pathological findings, but may also reveal hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, jaundice, and signs and symptoms of chronic liver disease 1 9 show info start test. Hepatitis a vaccine is also recommended for most cases of postexpo sure prophylaxis, although immunoglobulin is an acceptable alterna tive in some situations. Initial laboratory tests showed severe anaemia with an increased reticulocyte count corrected for the degree of anaemia and red cell distribution width, predominantly direct hyperbilirubinaemia, modest elevations in transaminases and alkaline phosphatase, hypoalbuminaemia, and mild renal. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding usually occurs distal to the ligament of treitz, and has a wide differential diagnosis. Unusual cause of fever, jaundice, and hepatomegaly in a. Sasskortsak, evaluation of the radioactive rose bengal test for the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice in infants new eng. It is a reservoir for platelets and a site for the proliferation of blymphocytes. An enlarged liver is often found in patients with diabetes mellitus, particularly those with severe or poorly controlled diabetes, mainly as a. This free online tool allows to combine multiple pdf or image files into a single pdf document.
Differential diagnosis of alf 151 for alf in 1071% cases, hev in 2. Other functions include filtering senescent and defective red blood cells, presenting antigens to the immune system, and destroying. It is a nonspecific medical sign having many causes, which can broadly be broken down into infection, hepatic tumours, or metabolic disorder. Three weeks later he complained of abdominal pain again, accompanied by a lowgrade fever, some nausea, early satiety and mild fatigue. For example, thalassaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, gauchers disease, hairy cell leukaemia, myelofibrosis, and malaria may all present with a markedly enlarged spleen.
Of note, the liver may be displaced downward by the diaphragm or thoracic contents leading to false impression of hepatomegaly. The differential diagnosis of splenomegaly is extensive table 1. Hepatic vein thrombosis, a blockage of veins in your liver. Assessment of splenomegaly differentials bmj best practice. In studies of inpatients with splenomegaly, haematological diseases were positively associated with lymphadenopathy, massive splenomegaly and cytoses erythrocytosis, leucocytosis, thrombocytosis, marked left shift of the neutrophilic leucocytes or. In medicine, a differential diagnosis is the distinguishing of a particular disease or condition from others that present similar clinical features. Differential diagnosis and treatment of disease, a textbook. Hepatosplenomegaly hpm is a disorder where both the liver and spleen swell beyond their normal size, due to one of a number of causes. However, massive enlargementssplenomegaly and especially hepatomegaly are caused by relatively few diseases, and the knowledge of this fact will greatly aid in arriving at a correct differential diagnosis by precluding from consideration a large group of diseases that could scarcely be the basis of such enlargement.
The average liver span is 45 cm in newborns and 68 cm in children at 12 years of age. Cystic lesions of the liver residents section pattern of the. The differential diagnosis is the medical art of distinguishing one disease from another, looking alike. He is also the innovation lead for the australian centre for health innovation at alfred health, a clinical adjunct associate professor at monash university, and the chair of the australian and new zealand intensive care society anzics education committee he is a cofounder of the australia and new zealand. Hepatomegaly in neonates and children american academy. Hepatomegaly has a broad differential, with causative disorders falling into 1 of 5 primary categories. Systemic venous hypertension can also increase the risk for. Estimates indicate that at least 40% of patients with cirrhosis and ascites will develop hrs during the natural history of their disease. See chapter, peritoneal abdominal paracentesis for more details. During the era of adulteration it has become difficult to give a set of symptoms, signs and investigative findings to exclude those diseases which simulate the actual disease of the patient, i. Differential diagnosis and treatment of disease, a textbook for practitioners and advanced students, with 228 illustrations in the text. Additionally, if available, correlation with serum tryptase and molecular studies for the kit d816v mutation may be necessary. Diagnosis relies on key clinical features as well as dna information. Hepatomegaly refers to an increase in size or enlargement of the liver.
It is smooth, uniform, nontender and descends to meet the palpating fingers on inspiration. A list of possible causes of a primary symptom or a collection of symptoms. The best way to assess size is by percussion a normalsized liver can appear. The liver edge is normally palpable in children and thin adults and some patients may have a palpable right lobe of the liver. Hepatomegaly and mild elevations of aminotransferase levels and bilirubin are common in hypothyroidism and are occasionally observed in hyperthyroidism. Differential diagnosis of hepatosplenomegaly homeopathy. It is important to realize that the liver is easily palpated in most children at 12 cm below the right costal margin. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease radiology reference. However, these categories encompass diverse diagnoses. To this end, fluidcontaining liver lesions can be grouped broadly into simple or complex cysts.
Approach to a child with hepatosplenomegaly summary of pathophysiological mechanisms 1. Hepatomegaly can result from a vast range of pathology including, but not limited to, the following. To be updated when it is complete please like us on facebook, follow us on. Higginson, the geographical pathology of liver disease in man gastroenterology 57. Depending on the cause, it may sometimes present along with jaundice. Kupffer cell hyperplasia with tb or other generalized infections. Oct 16, 2017 hepatorenal syndrome hrs is the development of renal failure in patients with advanced chronic liver disease, occasionally fulminant hepatitis, who have portal hypertension and ascites. Differential diagnosis hepatomegaly doctor answers on. Systemic mastocytosis involving the gastrointestinal tract. Differential diagnosis for hepatomegaly oxford medical. Differential diagnostic procedures are used by physicians to diagnose the specific disease in a patient, or, at least, to eliminate any imminently lifethreatening conditions. Isolated splenomegaly is a feature of diagnoses such as splenic marginal lymphoma or benign splenic neoplasms.
Hepatomegaly is the condition of having an enlarged liver. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 1811, 12871292. The diagnosis is usually made after an incidental discovery of unexplained elevation of liver enzyme levels or when steatosis is noted on imaging e. Oct, 2008 patient presentation a 9yearold male came to clinic with fever and stomachache. The combination of complex often lifethreatening medical issues and sensory deficits especially impaired hearing, vision, and balance significantly alters and. Xii siegenthaler, differential diagnosis in internal medicine isbn97831421418, 2007 georg thieme verlag 3. Alexander gozman, md assistant professor, department of pediatrics, division of hematologyoncology, albany medical center alexander gozman, md is a member of the following medical societies. Inflammation autoimmune disease bile acid enzyme defects canalicular bile acid transport defects infections virus, abscess idiopathic neonatal hepatitis.
Hepatomegaly is enlargement of the liver beyond its normal size and occurs mainly as a consequence of pathologic conditions. Hepatomegaly is caused by inflammation, infiltration, obstruction, storage abnormalities and vascular congestion. Socalled mastocytic enterocolitis is a recently described entity that may be considered in patients with diarrhea and that could enter the differential diagnosis of gi involvement by sm. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 932k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Hypervascular liver lesions radiology reference article. The differential diagnosis of hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Started in 1995, this collection now contains 6769 interlinked topic pages divided into a tree of 31 specialty books and 732 chapters. Select from these options to perform a search for possible differential diagnoses. Hepatomegaly is a term used to describe a liver that is enlarged beyond its normal dimensions, and ultrasound is often a front line investigation in the suspicion of hepatomegaly. Common symptoms and laboratory findings that may be encountered among immigrant and refugee children arriving in canada are provided below. Often, hepatomegaly will present as an abdominal mass.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease nafld occurs when fat is deposited into hepatocytes without a known cause such as with alcoholic fatty liver disease. Differential diagnosis of acute liver failure in india. The main clinical presentation in this patient on admission was hepatomegaly. To be updated when it is complete please like us on facebook, follow us on twitter or subscribe on youtube using the foll. What is the differential diagnosis of hepatomegaly. Hepatosplenomegaly can occur as the result of acute viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, and histoplasmosis or it can be the sign of a serious and lifethreatening lysosomal storage disease.
Conversely, susacs syndrome is often misdiagnosed, for example, as atypical multiple sclerosis ms, unusual. Differential diagnosis of fever with hepatomegaly download here free healthcaremagic app to ask a doctor all the information, content and live chat provided on the site is intended to be for informational purposes only, and not a substitute for professional or medical advice. A free and open source software to merge, split, rotate and extract pages from pdf files. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 127k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. After completing this article, readers should be able to. Siegenthaler, differential diagnosis in internal medicine. Associate professor of pediatrics and chief, joint program in gastroenterology and nutrition, department of pediatrics, ucsd school of medicine, san diego, ca. The differential diagnoses of a circumscribed mass. How you get treated for your enlarged liver depends on. With pdf merger you can merge your multiple pdf files to a single pdf file in matter of seconds. A three years old first order female child born out of 2nd degree consanguineous marriage 2. Differential diagnosis of hepatosplenomegaly by muhammad taimoor definition. Splenomegaly, hypersplenism, and hereditary disorders with. This patient had a subacute febrile illness with constitutional symptoms and progressive jaundice.
Nonneoplastic, benign, and malignant splenic diseases. Pdf diagnosis and differential diagnosis of asperger syndrome. Presentation hepatomegaly causes of hepatomegaly hepatitis o infections viral hepatitis acute and chronic ebv and cmv malaria abscesses amoebic or pyogenic autoimmune hepatitis alcoholic liver disease non alcoholic fatty liver disease previously known as nash tumours o metastases o hepatocellular carcinoma hcc. A grayscale sonogram shows a dominant follicle with a much smaller, cysticappearing structure at the periphery of the follicle, the cumulus oophorus arrow. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of hydrocephalus in. May 09, 2019 differential diagnosis of intrahepatic bile duct dilatation without demonstrable mass on ultrasonography or ct. Our pdf merger allows you to quickly combine multiple pdf files into one single pdf document, in just a few clicks. Hepatomegaly can become severe, and eggs become encased in granulomatous tissue, with heavy infiltration of eosinophils and other leukocytes. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of asperger syndrome article pdf available in advances in psychiatric treatment 74. The differential diagnosis of mental disorders is often challenging, but it may be especially difficult for the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder ptsd. To identify correctly ultrasound periportal cuffing and make an appropriate differential diagnosis. Hepatomegaly can represent intrinsic liver disease or may be the presenting physical finding of a generalized disorder.
The border of the liver can be found by palpation, percussion, and auscultation. This study sought to develop a reference range for the size of the normal liver using a simple, reliable and valid measurement technique. Identify the possible causes of simultaneous hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Symptoms include abdominal discomfort or pain, early satiety, nausea, palpable abdominal mass, hepatomegaly or jaundice due to extrinsic compression of the bile ducts. May 6, 2020 infections of central nervous system, bacterial meningitis. Jun 05, 2016 enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Telega, in nelson pediatric symptombased diagnosis, 2018. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding differential radiology. Assessment of splenomegaly differential diagnosis of. Use the serum albumin to ascitic albumin difference serum albumin minus ascites albumin to help differentiate the cause of ascites. In some cases, predominantly solid liver lesions may have cystic components, as may be seen with hemangiomas or tumors that have areas that are necrotic. Hepatosplenomegaly commonly abbreviated hsm is the simultaneous enlargement of both the liver hepatomegaly and the spleen splenomegaly. Hypervascular liver lesions may be caused by primary liver pathology or metastatic disease. Hepatomegaly pediatrics clerkship the university of.
A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Guidelines for differential diagnoses in a population with. Background the periportal region is the anatomical space arranged around the portal vein and it includes branches of the hepatic artery, bile duct, nerves, lymph vessels and virtual space. Loss of consciousness in a patient who cannot be aroused must be differentiated from psychogenic coma, akinetic mutism and the lockedin syndrome. Chris is an intensivist and ecmo specialist at the alfred icu in melbourne. The deposition of fat may lead to hepatic inflammation hepatitis and may eventually lead to cirrhosis. Differentials of gross hepatomegaly include leukaemia and other reticulo. Jul 08, 2019 alexander gozman, md assistant professor, department of pediatrics, division of hematologyoncology, albany medical center alexander gozman, md is a member of the following medical societies. Hepatomegaly pediatrics clerkship the university of chicago. Flatulent indigestion is frequent, and as the french aphorism has it, the wind precedes the rain. Splenomegaly is a feature of a broad range of diseases, and presents to clinicians in many. The differential diagnosis of hepatomegaly includes. Venoocclusive disease, which is a blockage in the small veins in your liver. Pdf zusammenfugen pdfdateien online kostenlos zu kombinieren.
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